Geopolitics and Strategic Interests of the British in the Tribal Areas of the North West Frontier and its Administration
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.54418/ca-87.120Keywords:
Tribal Land, Durand Line, FCR, Agencies, FRs and MalaksAbstract
The tribal region of the North West Frontier (NWF) of the Indian Sub-continent was geo-politically an important region for the British India. It provided a direct link to Afghanistan. During the colonial history of India, Afghanistan was used as a buffer between the expanding Russian Empire and India. So the tribal areas of the NWF were to be used as a buffer between Afghanistan and India in case Russia penetrate in Afghanistan. Beside this, controlling the tribal areas also helped in protecting the adjacent settled districts from the plunder of the tribesmen. The tribal areas also provided safe passages to the British convoys. The paper highlights colonization and administration of the tribal areas of the NWF, and the geopolitical interests of the British colonial power in this area. The paper explores all this through the lens of the colonial literature produced during that time.
References
Ahmad, Akbar S. Pukhtun Economy and Society: Traditional Structure and Economic Development in a Tribal Society. London: Routledge, 1980.
Auckland, Colvin. "The Problem Beyond the Indian Frontier." Nineteenth Century: A Monthly Review 42, no. 250 (December 1897), 845-868.
Baha, Lal. N.W.F.P. Administration Under British Rule 1901-1919. Islamabad: National Commission on Historical and Cultural Research, 1978. Lecture.
Balfour, Lady B. The History of Lord Lytton's Indian Administration, 1876 to 1880. London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1899.
Banerjee, Mukulika. The Pathan Unarmed: Opposition & Memory in the North West Frontier. Oxford: James Currey Publishers, 2000.
Banerjee, Mukulika. The Pathan Unarmed: Opposition & Memory in the North West Frontier. UK: James Currey Publishers, 2000.
Bangash, Salman. The Frontier Tribal Belt: Genesis and Purpose Under the Raj. Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2016.
Barton, Sir W. India’s North West Frontier. London: J. Murray, 1939.
Caroe, Sir O. The Pathans, 550 B.C.-1957 A.D. London: Macmillan & Co Ltd, 1958.
Davies, Cuthbert C. The Problem of the North-West Frontier, 1890-1908, with a Survey of Policy Since 1849. London: Curzon Press, 1975.
Dichter, David. The North-West Frontier of West Pakistan: A Study in Regional Geography. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1967.
Dodwell, H. H. The Cambridge History of India: British India, 1497-1858. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1929.
Effendi, Muhammad Y. "The North Western Route and the Invasions of the Indian Sub-Continent: A Historical Study in Modern Perspective." Central Asia, no. 54 (2004), 37-63.
Elliott, James G. The Frontier 1839-1947: The Story of the North-West Frontier of India. London: Cassell & Company Ltd., 1968.
Fraser, Lovat. India Under Curzon & After. London: William Heinemann, 1911.
George Nathaniel Curzon Marquis of Curzon. Frontiers. Oxford: Claredon Press, 1907. Lecture. https://archive.org/details/frontiers00curz/page/n1.
Haroon, Sana. Frontier of Faith: Islam in the Indo-Afghan Borderland. London: Hurst & Company, 2011.
Hopkirk, Peter. The Great Game: On Secret Service in High Asia. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001. Lecture.
Iqbal, Javed. "Khyber Pass: Geography, People and History." PhD diss., University of Peshawar, 2005.
Johnson, Robert. "Russians at the Gates of India? Planning the Defense of India, 1885-1900." The Journal of Military History 67, no. 3 (2003), 697-743. doi:10.1353/jmh.2003.0230.
Lipsett, Henry C. Lord Curzon in India: 1898-1903. London: R. A. Everett & Co, 1903. Reading.
Misra, Jagannath P. The Administration of India Under Lord Lansdowne, 1888-1894. New Delhi: Sterling Publishers, 1975.
Montagu, Lord. "The North West Frontier of India." Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society 11, no. 2 (1924), 136-146. DOI: 10.1080/03068372408724866.
Moreman, Timothy R. The Army in India and the Development of Frontier Warfare, 1849-1947. London: MacMillan Press Ltd., 1998.
Nichols, Robert. The Frontier Crimes Regulation: A History in Documents. Pakistan: Oxford University Press., 2013.
North, R. The Punjab Frontier Force: A Brief Record of their Services 1846-1924. Dera Ismail Khan: Headquarters Waziristan District., 1934.
Rakisits, Claude. "Pakistan’s Tribal Areas: A Critical No-Man’s Land." Paper Presented at Webster University Forum, Geneva, April 25, 2008.
Smith, Vincent A. The Oxford history of India. (3rd Ed.).. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1958.
Spain, James W. The Way of Pathans. Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1963.
Spain, James W. "Pakistan's North West Frontier." Middle East Journal 8, no. 1 (1954), 27-40. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4322563.
Swinson, Arthur. North-West Frontier: People and Events 1839-1947. New York: Praeger, 1967.
Talbot, Ian. Pakistan: A Modern History. London: Hurst & Company, 2009.
Temple, Richard. Lord Lawrence. London: MacMillan & Co., 1889.
Watteville, Herman G. Waziristan, 1919-1920. London: Constable and Co. Ltd., 1925.
Wazir, Muhammad M. "FATA Under FCR (Frontier Crimes Regulations): An Imperial Black Law." Central Asia Journal 61, no. 9 (2007). https://www.asc-centralasia.edu.pk/Issue_61/00-TOC.html.
Wolpert, Stanley A. Roots of Confrontation in South Asia: Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, and the Superpowers. New York: Oxford University Press, 1982.
Downloads
Published
Versions
- 2021-08-17 (2)
- 2021-03-31 (1)
How to Cite
Issue
Section
