Transcending Barriers of Bilateral Trade between Pakistan and Kazakhstan

Authors

  • Muhammad Rafiq Country Manager/Senior Vice President (SVP), JSC Subsidiary Bank NBP Kazakhstan and Ph.D. scholar, Islamia University of Bahawalpur
  • Ayesha Shoukat Associate Professor at Department of Commerce at Islamia University of Bahawalpur.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.54418/ca-95.228

Keywords:

Gawadar port, QTTA, Barriers to trade, BRI, Transit Trade Agreement, Land-locked

Abstract

The article probes diversified barriers hindering the growth of bilateral trade between Pakistan and Kazakhstan to a significant level. Pakistan is the 5th largest market of the world and Kazakhstan contributes 70% in the GDP of Central Asia. Both countries have not been able to realize the true economic potential in the form of a prosperous bilateral trade and commerce. Qualitative research method has been adopted in the paper whereby bilateral trade data of last five years has been collected. The historic analysis unravels a number of challenges and impediments that obstruct headway into substantial development of the bilateral trade. Finally, the study proposes some pragmatic policy guidelines to achieve the booming trade between Pakistan and Kazakhstan.

References

Adnan, M. and Fatima, B. Strategic and economic interests of Pakistan and

India in Central Asia. Journal of South Asian Studies, 30(2), 2015: 187 – 200

Amjad, R., Ghani, E. and others. “Export Barriers in Pakistan: Results of a Firm-Level Survey.” (Munich Personal RePEc Archive, September 1, 2012). Available at: https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/41978/.

Annika, R. "Nations on display. Nation branding strategies and their implementation in national pavilions: the cases of Finland and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia." Master's thesis, 2024.

Bansal, A. “Continuity in India’s ties with Central Asia,” Observer Research Foundation, February 9, 2021, https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/continuity-india-ties-central-asia/

Bhukiya, S., and Ritesh Patel. "The Relationship Between Logistics Performance Index and

International Trade: An Empirical Analysis." Available at: www.ijrpr.com

Brauweiler, H.C.; Yerimpasheva, A., Assem Zakirova. “The Impact of Logistics on Economic Cooperation in Central Asia.” Discourses in Social Market Economy, no. 1 (2023). Available at: https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/279776/1/1869377028.pdf

Chaturvedi, AK. "Introduction to the South Asia Energy Corridor." The South Asian Energy Corridor: Toward Sustainability and Security, 2024: 1.

D’Souza, S. “The TAPI Pipeline: A Recipe for Peace or Instability?” SSRN, October 3, 2012. Available at: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2154964.

Evron, Y., Rotem, K. and Kumaraswamy, P. R. "East and West Asia in the Twenty-First

Century: From Bilateral to Interregional Relationships." In East-West Asia Relations in the 21st Century. Routledge, 2024: 3-14.

Gao, X. "Research on the Development Strategy of Cross-border E-commerce in China Under the Background of Digital Trade." International Journal of Education and Humanities 14, (1), 2024: 147-151.

Government of Kazakhstan. “Bilateral Relations” Embassy of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, Islamabad, 2024. Available at: https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/mfa-islamabad/activities/2147?lang=en accessed on September 14, 2024

Griffiths, A. and Raymond, Z. "Institutional governance systems and variations in national competitive advantage: An integrative framework." Academy of Management Review 30(4), 2005: 823-842.

Haque, N.U and Anwar, S. "Transports and Logistics." The Pakistan Development Review, 2024: 325-352.

Hongyuan, Z. "Problems and prospects of the project of China-Kyrgyzstan-Uzbekistan Railway." Sharqshunoslik. Востоковедение. Oriental Studies 03, 2022: 104-112.

Interfax Group, “Kazakhstan negotiating accession to TAPI gas pipeline project” https://interfax.com/newsroom/top-stories/106905/October 22, 2024

Ismail, M. "A Railway Future Project: Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Uzbekistan in the twenty-first century." Galaxy International Interdisciplinary Research Journal 9, (10), 2021: 50-55.

Jaffer, M. “The Asian Century.” Modern Diplomacy. June 7, 2024. Available at:

https://moderndiplomacy.eu/2024/06/08/the-asian-century/.

Juric, S. "The Influence of Business Intelligence on the Quality of Business Decision-Making." In Economic and Social Development (Book of Proceedings),112th International Scientific Conference on Economic and Social Development, 2024: 551

Khan, M. et al "Competitiveness and Exportability of Pakistani Products in the context of Export Policy and Trade Relations with Central Asian Republics: Challenges, Impacts and Way-forward." Indus Journal of Law and Social Sciences 2(2), 2023: 32-38.

Khan, S.; Ali, S, and Saima Urooge. "The analysis of regional bilateral trade between Pakistan and Central Asian Republics." 2019: 93-106

Khan, U. “Pakistan’s Trade Opportunities and Challenges With CARs: : Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan in Perspective”. Central Asia no. 91, Winter 2022: 1–28. Available at: https://www.asc-centralasia.edu.pk/index.php/ca/article/view/186. Accessed October 16, 2024

Khitakhunov, A. "The China-Kyrgyzstan-Uzbekistan Railway: Causes And Consequences." Eurasian Research Journal 6(3), 2024: 41-54.

Korybko, A., and V. M. Morozov. "Pakistan’s role in Russia’s Greater Eurasian partnership." Полис. Политические исследования 3, 2020: 9-22

Logistics, H. “What are Transit Trade Processes?” 2024. Available at: https://www.horoz.com.tr/en/corporate/media/blog/detail/what-are-transit-trade-processes-

#:~:text=The%20process%20of%20purchasing%20a,category%20from%20export%20and%20import

MOFA. Tr. “Türkiye´s relations with Central Asian Republics”. Ministry of Foreign Affairs Republic of Türkiye, 2024. Available at: https://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkiye_s-relations-with-central-asian-republics.en.mfa. Accessed September 10, 2024.

Nakagawa, J. "Mainstreaming Non-trade Concerns in International Trade Law." In Changing Orders in International Economic Law Volume 1, pp. 151-160. Routledge, 2024.

Naray, O. "Commercial diplomats in the Context of international business." In Economic

Diplomacy. Brill Nijhoff, 2011:121-148.

Okenna, N. and Adesanya, M. International Trade and the Economies of Developing

Countries. American International Journal of Multidisciplinary Scientific Research, 6(2), 2020: 31-39

Rafiq, A. "Regional Transit Trade Isn't Enough to Drive Pakistan's Gwadar Port." Washington D.C.: Middle East Institute, October 14 2020. Available at: Regional transit trade isn’t enough to drive Pakistan’s Gwadar Port | Middle East Institute

Rafiq, M. “Recent Developments in Kazakhstan’s Investment Landscape”. The Astana Times. (March 28, 2024). Available at: https://astanatimes.com/2024/03/recent-developments-in-kazakhstans-investment-landscape/

Raihan, A. et al "Taking flight: Exploring the relationship between air transport and Malaysian economic growth." Journal of Air Transport Management 115, 2024: 102540.

Rysmambetov, R. “What to Expect from Central Asian Economies in 2024”. The Times of Central Asia. (June 27, 2024. Available at: https://timesca.com/what-to-expect-from-central-asian-economies-in-2024/.

Sachs, G. “The Global Economy in 2075: Growth Slows as Asia Rises.” 2022. Available at: https://www.goldmansachs.com/insights/articles/the-global-economy-in-2075-growth-slows-as-asia-rises.

Sakinova, S. “Kazakhstan to Take Part in Construction of Trans-Afghan Railway”. The Astana Times, April 26, 2024.

Shaikh, Z. “Analysis – Iran Offers Central Asian Nations Route to Access Global Waters.” Anadolu Agency. April 11, 2021. Available at: https://www.aa.com.tr/en/analysis/analysis-iran-offers-central-asian-nations-route-to-access-global-waters/2205230, Accessed September 10, 2024.

Shoaib, M. "Presentation on Quadrilateral Agreement." CAREC Program, 2015.

Shuangshuang, W., Kuang, S., Song, H., Sun, E., Li, M., Liu, Y., Xia, Z. et al. "The role of TIR domain-containing proteins in bacterial defense against phages." Nature Communications 15 (1), 2024: 7384

Smelser, N.J., and Paul B. Baltes, eds. international Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences.

Vol. 11. (Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2001).

Sun, Z. “A study on the evaluation of competitiveness in the aviation logistics industry cluster in Zhengzhou." Scientific Reports 14(1), 2024: 2659

Tubishat, B.M., Abdul-Rahman. "Electronic Commerce and Consumer Protection in Jordan:

Emerging Trend." International Journal of Religion 5(2), 2024: 328-345.

Wang, Z. "Green Trade Opportunities and Challenges within the Belt and Road Initiative." Financial Economics Research 1(2), 2024: 1-8.

Worldometers, 2024. “Central Asia Population (Live).” Available at: https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/central-asia-population/#. Accessed September 10, 2024.

Published

2025-02-27

How to Cite

Rafiq, M. ., & Shoukat, A. . (2025). Transcending Barriers of Bilateral Trade between Pakistan and Kazakhstan. Central Asia, 95(Winter), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.54418/ca-95.228